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Omsk Oblast () is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southwestern Siberia. The oblast has an area of . Its population is 1,977,665 (2010 Census) with the majority, 1.12 million, living in Omsk, the administrative center.
The oblast borders Tyumen Oblast in the north and west, Novosibirsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast in the east, and Kazakhstan in the south.
The territory stretches for from north to south and from west to east. The main water artery is the Irtysh and its tributaries the Ishim River, Om River, Osha River, and Tara Rivers. The region is located in the West Siberian Plain, consisting of mostly flat terrain. In the south is the Ishim Plain, gradually turning into steppe, forest and swampy taiga to the north. The soil is sandy and silty. Ишимская степь; Great Soviet Encyclopedia in 30 vols. — Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. (in Russian) Along the Irtysh River, in t. N. Irtysh region, there is an "oasis" microclimate, with a wooded landscape and gullies. There, the most fertile land in the region can be found. The Omsk region contains many lakes, the largest of which are Tenis-Saltaim, Ik, Ebeyty, Ulzhay and Tobol-Kushly.
The highest elevation in the Omsk region - about Upland village, the lowest elevation is the water's edge on the Irtysh - , near the village of Little Beach.
The property is located in Omsk region 28 specially protected natural territories of regional destinations. Including parks in Bolshereche and Omsk ("Bird's harbor").
The southern plains have notably longer and warmer summers and a delayed onset of freezing temperatures. They are also significantly drier than the northern forests, receiving only precipitation annually. Winters, however, are as severe on the plains as they are further north. Spring rains are rare, but late spring freezes are not. The early part of the summer is frequently dominated by hot, dry southern winds.
on the territory of the Omsk region, there are 35 areas that have the status of protected areas (PAs), regional and local importance.
Various Turkic peoples states dominated the area throughout the Medieval era. The most notable of these were the Western Turkic Khaganate and the Siberian Khanate. Siberian Tatars, Mongols, Khanty people and Mansi people tribes, along with others, inhabited the territory.
In 1716 a fortress was constructed at the confluence of the Om and Irtysh rivers on the orders of sublieutenant Ivan Bugholtz. The fortress would form the nucleus for the development of the future city of Omsk. By the second half of the 18th century, Omsk fortress was the largest building of any kind in the eastern part of Russia.
As Russian settlements continued to spread through the Yenisei, Tobol River and Irtysh watersheds in the course of the 18th century, so did the development of the Omsk and the surrounding region. In 1753 a customs post was established to tax goods brought into the city by the ever-increasing trade with Kazakh tribesmen. In 1764, when the Siberian provinces of Russia were organized into two governorates with centers in Irkutsk and Tobolsk, the city of Tara and the fortress of Omsk were assigned to the latter. In 1780, on the orders of Catherine the Great the fortress was transferred to Kolyvan Oblast. By this time Omsk had grown to the size of a small city, however, from 1797 to 1804 it did not possess its own uyezd.
In the 19th century, Omsk, given its strong system of frontier fortresses, became notorious as a premier destination for political exiles and prisoners from the European part of the Russian Empire. Decembrists, Polish rebels, French prisoners of war and political activists of every stripe found their way to Siberia. Among them was Fyodor Dostoyevsky, who spent four years (1850–1854) at the Omsk prison.
The early nineteenth century also saw the growth of industry in the city and in the rest of the Irtysh basin. The Siberian Cossack Army was headquartered in Omsk after 1808 and contributed to the development of the city, by the beginning of the 20th century the Cossacks were a dominant component in the society of both the city of Omsk and the surrounding lands, having reached a population of 174 thousand and holding title to five million hectares of agricultural land. The 18th and 19th centuries also saw the influx of a significant number of German immigrants both from Russia's Volga Germans and from abroad.
The 1950s saw the creation of the petroleum processing industry, as well as the development of various high-technology facilities that came to define the economy of the Oblast for the remainder of the century.
The politics in the oblast is governed by the Charter of Omsk Oblast. The laws within the authority of the oblast are passed by the Legislative Assembly of Omsk Oblast which is the legislative (representative) body. The highest executive body is the Omsk Oblast Administration. It also includes the executive bodies of the subdivisions such as districts, and is responsible for the daily administration. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the head of the oblast and acts as guarantor of the observance of the Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.
As of 18 January 2019, the departmental register of registered non-profit organizations of the Office of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation for the Omsk Oblast contains information on 2537 non-profit organizations, including 1332 public associations (national associations - 60, regional branches of political parties - 46, trade unions - 328, children's and youth public associations - 55), 308 religious organizations, 30 Cossack societies, and 20 public associations of Cossacks. For example, in the Omsk Oblast there are regional branches of the political parties United Russia, A Just Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, and others.
Omsk Oblast is the 23rd largest economy in Russia, with a gross regional product of 10.2 billion dollars.
The economy of Omsk Oblast is heavily industrial, with well developed, and growing, service and financial sectors. Agriculture represents a smaller, but still significant, portion of the economy.
Economic activity is concentrated in Omsk, with over sixty-six thousand private enterprises registered, ranging from small-scale retailers to billion-dollar manufacturing.Отчёт о работе администрации города Омска в 2005—2009 годах
Omsk was ranked by Forbes as the 6th-best city in Russia for business in 2008, an improvement over its 20th-place ranking the previous year.
The oblast and city governments have made efforts to improve the business climate and foster small enterprise through various incentives and government programs designed to ease the bureaucratic red-tape, a notorious feature of Russian business life, and to generate cooperation within the business community.Галина Балашенко «Заниматься бизнесом станет проще» // «Домашняя газета» № 22 (065), 9 июня 2010 года
The bulk of industrial output, as of 2009, is concentrated in food and tobacco processing ($900 million), hydrocarbon processing ($6.7 billion), chemical manufacturing ($500 m), plastics manufacturing ($200 m) and the manufacture of electrical components ($280 m). The remainder of the economy is dominated by the retail sector and agriculture.
The largest industrial enterprises include the aerospace manufacturer Polyot, the Omsk Aggregate Plant, the agricultural manufacturer Sibzavod, Omsk Baranov Motorworks, and Omsktransmash, which manufactures the T-80 main battle tank. Additionally, Omsk Rubber, the Technical Hydrocarbon Plant, Omsk-Polymer and Omsk Hydrocarbon Processing Plant, represent the petroleum and hydrocarbon industry. Omsk Hydrocarbon is one of the most important oil refineries in Russia. Russian Regional Economic and Business Atlas Volume 2: Strategic Investment and Business Information p. 131
The oblast operates four thermal power plants, which makes it largely self-sufficient from the standpoint of energy generation.
Agricultural production is concentrated in the Isil'rul'skii District and produces wheat, barley, flax, sunflower, potato, various fruits and vegetables as well as meat, poultry and dairy products.
The food processing sector includes several breweries, a distillery and numerous food packaging enterprises.
Total fertility rate (2024):
1.43 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):
Total — 69.02 years (male — 64.48, female — 73.45)
According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition was:
According to Russia's 2002 Census, Omsk Oblast has one of the lowest birth rates in Siberia. However, birth rates remain higher than the average in heavily German districts - Azovsky Nemetsky National District (24% German), Moskalensky, Poltavsky (22% Ukrainian & 11% German) and Isilkulsky (8% German), even as significant emigration to Germany acts to reduce the overall birth rate. In 2009, the lowest death rate was recorded for Azovsky German National Raion (9.4 per 1000) and the highest birth rate was recorded for Moskalenskom (17.0 per 1000), Isilkulskom (15.2), Maryanovsky (15.8), Pavlogradski (15.8), Tevrizskom (16.6), Ust-Ishim (15.4) and Sherbakulskom (16.2). Regions with the highest population growth were Moskalensky area (5.5 ppm), Azovsky German National Raion (4.8 ppm), Sherbakulsky (3.8 ppm) and Pavlogradskij (3.2 ppm). More than 60 per cent or 1.1 million of the oblast's population of 1.8 million lives in Omsk.
| Omsk Oblast | 2,020,000 | 23,627 | 29,578 | -5,951 | 11.7 | 14.6 | -0.29% |
| Omsk | 1,130,000 | 11,857 | 15,599 | -3,742 | 10.5 | 13.8 | -0.33% |
| Azovsky Nemetsky National District | 22,500 | 327 | 245 | 82 | 14.5 | 10.9 | 0.36% |
| Bolsherechensky District | 32,400 | 393 | 519 | -126 | 12.1 | 16 | -0.39% |
| Bolsheukovsky District | 8,800 | 125 | 160 | -35 | 14.2 | 18.1 | -0.39% |
| Gorkovsky | 23,400 | 295 | 366 | -71 | 12.6 | 15.7 | -0.31% |
| Znamensky | 13,400 | 195 | 213 | -18 | 14.6 | 15.9 | -0.13% |
| Isilkulsky | 46,700 | 681 | 715 | -34 | 14.6 | 15.3 | -0.07% |
| Kalachinsky | 44,700 | 506 | 754 | -248 | 11.3 | 16.9 | -0.56% |
| Kolosovsky | 14,900 | 184 | 240 | -56 | 12.4 | 16.1 | -0.37% |
| Kormilovsky | 25,800 | 352 | 447 | -95 | 13.6 | 17.3 | -0.37% |
| Krutinsky | 20,000 | 248 | 343 | -95 | 12.4 | 17.1 | -0.47% |
| Lyubinsky | 41,900 | 590 | 750 | -160 | 14.1 | 17.9 | -0.38% |
| Maryanovsky | 27,300 | 423 | 444 | -21 | 15.5 | 16.3 | -0.08% |
| Moskalensky | 32,200 | 505 | 460 | 45 | 15.7 | 14.3 | 0.14% |
| Muromtsevsky | 26,100 | 271 | 542 | -271 | 10.4 | 20.8 | -1.04% |
| Nazyvayevsky | 28,500 | 350 | 465 | -115 | 12.3 | 16.3 | -0.40% |
| Nizhneomsky | 18,600 | 247 | 277 | -30 | 13.3 | 14.9 | -0.16% |
| Novovarshavsky | 26,700 | 336 | 325 | 11 | 12.6 | 12.2 | 0.04% |
| Odessky | 18,200 | 260 | 231 | 29 | 14.3 | 12.7 | 0.16% |
| Okoneshnikovsky | 16,700 | 194 | 247 | -53 | 11.6 | 14.8 | -0.32% |
| Omsky | 91,800 | 1,146 | 1,326 | -180 | 12.5 | 14.4 | -0.19% |
| Pavlogradsky | 20,600 | 292 | 292 | 0 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 0.00% |
| Poltavsky | 24,000 | 328 | 320 | 8 | 13.7 | 13.3 | 0.04% |
| Russko-Polyansky | 22,800 | 314 | 344 | -30 | 13.7 | 15.1 | -0.14% |
| Sargatsky | 21,800 | 279 | 364 | -85 | 12.8 | 16.7 | -0.39% |
| Sedelnikovsky | 11,900 | 153 | 205 | -52 | 12.9 | 17.3 | -0.44% |
| Tavrichesky | 39,200 | 519 | 579 | -60 | 13.2 | 14.8 | -0.16% |
| Tarsky | 48,000 | 585 | 839 | -254 | 12.2 | 17.5 | -0.53% |
| Tevrizsky | 17,200 | 270 | 305 | -35 | 15.6 | 17.7 | -0.21% |
| Tyukalinsky | 29,500 | 357 | 472 | -115 | 12.1 | 16 | -0.39% |
| Ust-Ishimsky | 15,200 | 192 | 289 | -97 | 12.6 | 18.9 | -0.63% |
| Cherlaksky | 34,700 | 506 | 562 | -56 | 14.6 | 16.2 | -0.16% |
| Sherbakulsky | 24,500 | 347 | 339 | 8 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 0.04% |
Ethnic Russian birth rate in the province is significantly lower than that of the ethnic Kazakhs (by 50%) and that of ethnic Germans (by 20%), according to the 2002 Census.
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